Deception Point Page 41

Making the seething stream of air much all the more startling to Tolland was the slight downwind grade of the ice rack. The ice was inclined somewhat toward the sea, two miles away. Regardless of the sharp spikes on the Pitbull Rapido crampons appended to his boots, Tolland had the uncomfortable inclination that any stumble may leave him made up for lost time in a storm and sliding down the perpetual frigid slant. Norah Mangor's two-minute course in ice sheet wellbeing currently appeared to be perilously deficient. Piranha Ice hatchet, Norah had stated, attaching a lightweight T-formed instrument to every one of their belts as they prepared in the habisphere. Standard sharp edge, banana edge, semitubular edge, mallet, and adze. All you have to recollect is, on the off chance that anybody slips or becomes involved with a blast, get your hatchet with one hand on the head and one on the pole, slam the banana sharp edge into the ice, and fall on it, planting your crampons. With those expressions of affirmation, Norah Mangor had appended YAK belay tackles to every one of them. They all wore goggles, and took off into the evening obscurity. Presently, the four figures advanced down the ice sheet in an orderly fashion with ten yards of belay rope isolating every one of them. Norah was ahead of the pack position, trailed by Corky, at that point Rachel, and Tolland as grapple. As they moved farther away from the habisphere, Tolland felt a developing disquiet. In his expanded suit, albeit warm, he felt like a clumsy space voyager trekking over a far off planet. The moon had vanished behind thick, surging tempest mists, diving the ice sheet into an impervious darkness. The katabatic breeze appeared to get more grounded continuously, applying a consistent strain to Tolland's back. As his eyes stressed through his goggles to make out the extensive void around them, he started to see a genuine peril in this spot. Excess NASA wellbeing precautionary measures or not, Tolland was amazed the chairman had been eager to chance four lives over here rather than two. Particularly when the extra two lives were that of a congressperson's little girl and a renowned astrophysicist. Tolland was not shocked to feel a defensive worry for Rachel and Corky. As somebody who had captained a boat, he was accustomed to feeling liable for everyone around him. â€Å"Stay behind me,† Norah yelled, her voice gulped by the breeze. â€Å"Let the sled lead the way.† The aluminum sled on which Norah was shipping her testing gear looked like a larger than usual Flexible Flyer. The specialty was prepacked with analytic rigging and wellbeing adornments she'd been utilizing on the ice sheet in the course of recent days. Every last bit of her rigging including a battery pack, wellbeing flares, and an incredible front-mounted spotlight-was bound under a made sure about, plastic canvas. In spite of the overwhelming burden, the sled coasted easily on long, straight sprinters. Indeed, even on the practically subtle slope, the sled moved downhill voluntarily, and Norah applied a delicate restriction, as though permitting the sled to lead the way. Detecting the separation developing between the gathering and the habisphere, Tolland investigated his shoulder. Just fifty yards away, the pale arch of the vault had everything except vanished in the tempestuous darkness. â€Å"You at all stressed over finding our direction back?† Tolland shouted. â€Å"The habisphere is nearly invisi-† His words were stopped by the uproarious murmur of a flare touching off in Norah's grasp. The unexpected red-white shine enlightened the ice rack in a ten-yard sweep surrounding them. Norah utilized her heel to dive a little impression in the surface day off, up a defensive edge on the upwind side of the gap. At that point she smashed the flare into the space. â€Å"High-tech bread crumbs,† Norah yelled. â€Å"Bread crumbs?† Rachel asked, protecting her eyes from the unexpected light. â€Å"Hansel and Gretel,† Norah yelled. â€Å"These flares will most recent 60 minutes a lot of time to discover our direction back.† With that, Norah took off once more, driving them down the icy mass into the dimness by and by. 47 Gabrielle Ashe raged out of Marjorie Tench's office and for all intents and purposes thumped over a secretary in doing as such. Humiliated, all Gabrielle could see were the photos pictures arms and legs interlaced. Countenances loaded up with delight. Gabrielle had no clue about how the photographs had been taken, however she realized damn well they were genuine. They had been taken in Senator Sexton's office and appeared to have been shot from above as though by concealed camera. Lord have mercy on me. One of the photographs demonstrated Gabrielle and Sexton having intercourse legitimately on the congressperson's work area, their bodies spread over a disperse of authentic looking archives. Marjorie Tench found Gabrielle outside the Map Room. Tench was conveying the red envelope of photographs. â€Å"I expect from your response that you accept these photographs are authentic?† The President's senior counsel really appeared as though she was making some acceptable memories. â€Å"I'm trusting they convince you that our other information is exact also. They originated from the equivalent source.† Gabrielle felt her whole body flushing as she walked a few doors down. Where the damnation is the exit? Tench's lanky legs experienced no difficulty keeping up. â€Å"Senator Sexton vowed to the world that both of you are dispassionate partners. His broadcast proclamation was very convincing.† Tench motioned pompously behind her. â€Å"In truth, I have a tape in my office on the off chance that you'd prefer to revive your memory?† Gabrielle required no boost. She recalled the public interview very well. Sexton's refusal was as resolved as it was sincere. â€Å"It's unfortunate,† Tench stated, sounding not in the least frustrated, â€Å"but Senator Sexton looked at the American individuals in the eye and told a flagrant deception. General society has an option to know. Also, they will know. I'll make sure actually. The main inquiry currently is the means by which the open discovers. We trust it's best originating from you.† Gabrielle was dazed. â€Å"You truly believe I'm going to help lynch my own candidate?† Tench's face solidified. â€Å"I am attempting to take the high ground here, Gabrielle. I'm allowing you to spare everybody a great deal of humiliation by holding your head high and coming clean. All I need is a marked articulation conceding your affair.† Gabrielle held back. â€Å"What!† â€Å"Of course. A marked proclamation gives us the influence we have to manage the representative discreetly, saving the nation this revolting chaos. My offer is straightforward: Sign an announcement for me, and these photographs never need to see the light of day.† â€Å"You need a statement?† â€Å"Technically, I would require a testimony, yet we have a public accountant here in the structure who could-â€Å" â€Å"You're crazy.† Gabrielle was strolling once more. Tench remained next to her, sounding progressively furious at this point. â€Å"Senator Sexton is going down somehow, Gabrielle, and I'm offering you an opportunity to escape this without seeing your own bare ass toward the beginning of the day paper! The President is a good man and doesn't need these photographs plugged. On the off chance that you simply give me an affirmation and admit to the issue on your own terms, at that point we all can hold a little dignity.† â€Å"I'm not for sale.† â€Å"Well, your up-and-comer positively is. He's a perilous man, and he's breaking the law.† â€Å"He's overstepping the law? You're the ones breaking into workplaces and taking illicit observation pictures! Have you ever known about Watergate?† â€Å"We had nothing to do with social event this earth. These photographs originated from a similar source as the SFF crusade subsidizing data. Somebody's been watching both of you very closely.† Gabrielle tore past the security work area where she had gotten her security identification. She ripped off the identification and hurled it to the wide-looked at watch. Tench was still on her tail. â€Å"You'll need to choose quick, Ms. Ashe,† Tench said as they approached the exit. â€Å"Either present to me an affirmation conceding you laid down with the representative, or at eight o'clock today, the president will be compelled to open up to the world about everything-Sexton's money related dealings, the photographs of you, the works. What's more, trust me, when the open sees that you sat around and let Sexton lie about your relationship, you'll go down on fire directly close to him.†

International Employment Relation Employment System

Question: Depict about the International Employment Relation for Employment System. Answer: about the theme The target of the examination is to feature the key variables, which will concentrate on the adequacy of the worker relationship in the chose nation China. The task will concentrate on seven significant inquiry, which will address various types of difficulties, just as contentions, which the administration of the China faces towards building solid work relationship in the nation. The job of the worker connection contributes as one of the most critical effects in the nations business framework. China is one of the differently populated nations over the world with a populace of 1.3 billion. The job of the administration considered as one of the most huge part towards contributing a positive work opportunity in the nation (Li Freeman, 2015). A portion of the key inquiries, which are distinguished in the investigation, are the law, which administers the representative connection in the nation, viability of the administration, qualities and shortcoming of the arrangements and about the pr oof and contentions of the law. So as to assess all the elements, this specific inquiry is posed in the task. what are the laws that administers the business connection in China? The job of China contributes a critical part in the period of globalization. With a populace around 1.36 billion, China is the universes biggest and most crowded nation over the world. In view of the most recent measurable report, China has become the biggest economy over the world in the year 2014. The law and the agreement law in China give various basics of commitment and different privileges of the businesses and the workers in the relationship of work in china (Chang Brown, 2013). There are a few areas of the business law in China. The job of article 17 of the work law in china contributes as one of the most critical parts in the general procedures of the Chinese economy. The job of the work advertise contributes as one of the most critical parts in China. Due to the effectively accessibility of the work at a truly sensible rate larger parts of the worldwide organizations makes direct interest in China. The business and the representative are straightforwardly answerable for var ious types of IR choices. A definitive target of the worker connection in china is to decrease the job of the outsider intercession and to control all the representatives in the in a legitimate course by keeping all the principles and guidelines in the given way (Lee, Brown Wen, 2016). There are sure work environment understandings made between the business and the representatives in a compelling way. The changes of china in the late 1970s is considered as one of the most significant as one of the most just as the essential part in the general advancement process. There are three fundamental arrangements of the work relationship in china, which incorporates work contract, skimming pay and, the board commitment are the three significant parts in the representative connection in china (Chang Cooke 2015). Notwithstanding, in the year 2008, there are sure business rules and guidelines, which fused in the start of the third time frame on which the administration has looked for the work a dvertise. The legislature of China has embraced two significant strides during the time spent receiving the business connection in the nation. what are rules and guidelines uphold by the legislature so as to apply this law? There are various focuses, which need to dissect in an appropriate way towards showing the general target rules and guidelines, which are authorized by the administration since the year 1980. In the year 1980, the work law created by the legislature has given one of the significant forward leaps. In the year 2007, the administration of China expanded its authoritative exercises and passed three significant business related law, which was authorized, in the year 2008 and in particular followed all the significant constituents of the changes of China. The business work law and guidelines give a lawful system inside the work relationship administered and work markets directed in the correct example. The essential target of the work laws and guidelines is to give a lawful structure inside the business connections, which are represented by and large the work markets managed by following a portion of the fundamental standards (Cooke, 2016). In any case, what's more it is one of the most co ntended point that work connection are focused on basically at those conventional business area, which will close about the necessities of the business segment in China in general. There is a significance of the national banner of China. The red shading speaks to the socialist country, which is trailed by five stars, which speaks to the average workers. Mechanical relations begins from the reason that in modern culture, where there partition of the proprietors (Friedman, 2012). The essential focal point of the modern relations is to set an appropriate cost between the laborers and the workers, which empowers the institutional and condition changes. In the year 2007, the administration of China has expanded its authoritative exercises and passed three significant work related law in the year 2008, which was a much discussed work contract law. In the year 2011, the social strategy of security was supported in a more extensive way (Hui Chan, 2015). These work laws and guidelines give a legitimate structure inside which the general business relationship are represented and the work markets are controlled by observing all the significant principles and guidelines consolidated by the administration premise on the circumstance. what are the approaches of the administration of China as for the work laws? Work has an essential part on people groups vocation in the nation. It is the central standard of larger part of the nations with fundamental methodology for individuals towards improving the vocation of the individuals. China has a populace of about 1.3 billion and this specific district is considered as one of the most crowded nation on the planet. There are sure difficulties just as issues looked by the administration of China so as to fathom the worker issues of 1.3 billion individuals in the province (King-Chi Chan Sio-leng Hui, 2012). The administration of China has distinguished all the significance factors, which will bring about what are the various types of difficulties and issues looked by the legislature, so as to build up an appropriate business opportunity in the nation (King-Chi Chan Sio-leng Hui, 2012). The administration effectively secured the business law so as to address the issues for work. In light of the constitution on the Chinese government the significance o f the issue of work is featured in a legitimate way, which will distinguish the general viability of the business framework in the nation. There are a few proactive components, which the legislature of China embraced inside so as to explain the general assessment procedure of the work connection in China. As the thought of the populace is one of the key, factors in the nation which the administration need to receive certain various plans and methodology so as to execute all the discoveries in an appropriate way (Lee, Brown Wen, 2016). The two arrangements, which the administration has embraced, are the fundamental work circumstance and profitable business approach. The order of these two specific approaches done by the administration dependent on the interest of the circumstance of the nation. The administration has made a splendid showing towards receiving a legitimate circumstance investigation of the nation and has embraced the right measures so as to take care of the general issue of the business framework in China (Li Freeman, 2015). Does the approach changes the by and large the business connection in China. In light of the circumstance investigation of the nation the administration of China has received certain measures, which will finish up the accompanying realities about making an appropriate circumstance, which will make work opportunity in the nation. At present, China is the nation with assorted economy. The legislature unequivocally trusts during the time spent building up the business arrangement of the nation by building up the economy. So as to diminish the joblessness rate and to build the business rate the legislature has expanded the opening for work as one of its standard full scale targets (Liu Li, 2014). The principles and guidelines of the Chinese government have given an expansive structure in the general procedures of the work framework in the business arrangement of the nation. One of the key arrangements, which the Chinese government creates, is the work advertise adaptability. It is one of the fundamental motivation behind why the legislature of China become particularly effective towards abundant work chances to the world has most differently populated countries. There is diverse Multination organizations, which chooses China as one of the most significant assembling center over the world (Lyddon, Meng Lu, 2015). With the utilization of this specific thought, the legislature of China had the option to give plentiful opening for work to most of the populace by remembering the possibility of the work advertise adaptability. Anyway separated for various types of government activities there are sure non government activities which diverse business organizations acts so as to assess the all the changes of the joblessness framework (Hui Chan, 2015). The ascent of various types of work organizations there has been a critical effect in the ascent of the business openings in the nation. Nonetheless, the larger parts of the activity offices in the nation had been s et under the follow up of the nearby government so as to give new institutional changes under the enactments of the business relations (McDermott, Jinyue Sun Obar, 2010). This critical development of the business opportunity was a reaction towards cutting back in the state segment, which result

A Simple Gesture

A Simple Gesture Mark was walking home from school one day when he noticed the boy ahead of him had tripped and dropped all of the books he was carrying, along with two sweaters, a baseball bat, a glove and a small tape recorder.Mark knelt down and helped the boy pick up the scattered articles. Since they were going the same way, he helped to carry part of the burden. As they walked Mark discovered the boys name was Bill, that he loved video games, baseball and history, and that he was having lots of trouble with his other subjects and that he had just broken up with his girlfriend.They arrived at Bills home first and Mark was invited in for a Coke and to watch some television. The afternoon passed pleasantly with a few laughs and some shared small talk, then Mark went home. They continued to see each other around school, had lunch together once or twice, then both graduated from junior high school. They ended up in the same high school where they had brief contacts over the years. Finally the long awaited senior year came and three weeks before graduation, Bill asked Mark if they could talk.Bill reminded him of the day years ago when they had first met. Did you ever wonder why I was carrying so many things home that day? asked Bill.You see, I cleaned out my locker because I didnt want to leave a mess for anyone else. I had stored away some of my mothers sleeping pills and I was going home to commit suicide. But after we spent some time together talking and laughing, I realized that if I had killed myself, I would have missed that time and so many others that might follow. So you see, Mark, when you picked up those books that day, you did a lot more, you saved my life. John W. Schlatter (true story)

The Incident Of The Platteville Police Department

The ride along occurred on March 2nd of 2016, with the Platteville Police Department. The ride along itself was done by a female police officer, known as Sierra Vessels with her badge number being 913. The time of the ride along was during one of the non-busier times, as it occurred from 2pm to 6pm. The reason for choosing the Platteville Police Department was because during the time of establishing the ride along my driver’s license was suspended. The only transportation that I had was either my parents or my legs, so I decided on my legs. Coming into the ride along there was nothing to my knowledge as to how exactly law enforcement was accomplished. Other than being in traffic incidents the job itself was always a question to me as what they do over all. Doing the ride along in a small town meant that it would not be as eventful as doing it with a bigger department. This did not in fact stop the idea of broadening my knowledge about the daily duties that a law enforcement officer goes through. After the ride along I can say that they should be appreciated more often, as they are only doing their job by keeping everyone safe, and enforcing the law in order to prevent terrible accidents. The female officer that took me on the ride along was very friendly so I had the chance to ask multiple questions. Her experience level was small as she had only been a police officer for six months. She received her bachelor’s degree in Criminal Justice from Colorado State University. TheShow MoreRelated_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesof Florida and at Oberlin College and has had visiting appointments at Stanford, Harvard, the University of Washington, and New York University. From 1998 to 2006, Jay served as Chair of the Statistics Department at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. The Statistics Department at Cal Poly has an international reputation for activities in statistics education. In addition to this book, Jay has written several widely used engineering statistics texts and is currently working on

The New Colossus By Jane Addams Essay - 1364 Words

Immigration to America is often a decision based solely on the idea that America has some sort of redeeming qualities for a chance at a better life. America’s founding ideals of â€Å"life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness† are what compel foreigners to escape the troubles and oppression of their homeland and cross over onto American soil. The tales of America being the â€Å"land of opportunity† have continued to lure and attract people to immigrate. The Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century brought millions of immigrant laborers from across the globe to America in a short span of time. This large influx of laborers fashioned a well-defined distinction between â€Å"settlers† and â€Å"immigrants,† causing many observers to be concerned with how these new arrivals would fit in to American society. Emma Lazarus in â€Å"The New Colossus†, Jane Addams in Twenty Years at Hull House, Walt Whitman in â€Å"Crossing the Brooklyn Fe rry†, Theodore Roosevelt in American Ideals, and Thomas Aldrich in â€Å"Unguarded Gates† are just a few names in American Literature who use their work as a medium to voice their opinions on the issue of immigration. Emma Lazarus’s poem, â€Å"The New Colossus†, has become the fundamental expression of America’s self-image as a welcoming and hospitable nation of immigrants. Through her poem, Lazarus transformed the Statue of Liberty—built by the French to commemorate shared American ideals of democracy—into an inspiration of hope for foreigners seeking a better life in theShow MoreRelatedMelting Pot6314 Words   |  26 Pagesin American cultural and political ideology? These are some of the questions considered in the following discussion. The Statue of Liberty is by now a universally recognized symbol of American political mythology. She stands at the entrance of New York harbor, wearing a spiked crown representing the light of liberty shining on the seven seas and the seven continents. The statue was a gift to the United States from the people of France in 1884. It is made of riveted copper sheets, only 3/32 of

Behavioural Approach Free Essays

BEHAVIORISM Fred Luthans, James B. Avey and Brett Luthans Definition Behaviorism is a theoretical foundation with roots in psychology with an intentional focus on observable, measurable behavior as the primary unit of analysis (Luthans, Youssef, Luthans, 2005). Behaviorism systematically analyzes the relationships between an individual’s behavior and environmental contingencies. We will write a custom essay sample on Behavioural Approach or any similar topic only for you Order Now The study and practice of behaviorism emphasizes predicting and controlling/managing behavior and thus is especially relevant to organization studies. The behaviorism paradigm is in contrast to the popular cognitive psychology theories in that behaviorism is not focused on internal cognitive or affective processes or indirect measures of beliefs, attitudes or feelings. Whereas cognitive based approaches attempt to understand and explain the multifaceted causes and complexity of human behavior, behaviorism is based on the premise that behavior is a function of its environmental consequences or contingencies (also see Motivation, Contingency Theory). There are four primary historical building blocks of behaviorism. These major foundational contributions are Pavlov’s (1849-1936) classical conditioning experiments, Thorndike’s (1874-1949) law of effect, Watson’s (1878-1958) experiments with human conditioning, and Skinner’s (1904-1990) work and conceptualization of operant conditioning (also see Operant Conditioning). However, applied to organization studies, the most influential application of behaviorism would be Luthans and Kreitner’s (1985) book Organizational Behavior Modification and Beyond. Conceptual Overview Have you ever wondered how children, adults, and even animals learn to respond to and operate in their world? Early in the twentieth century, Thorndike coined the famous law of effect by systematically studying cats in a puzzle box. Thorndike’s law of effect states behaviors followed by positive consequences tend to be strengthened and increase in subsequent frequency, while those followed by negative consequences tend to weaken and decrease in frequency. Even before Thorndike established the law of effect, a Russian scientist named Ivan Pavlov conditioned several dogs to salivate to the sound of a ringing bell. Originally the bell was sounded with the presentation of food (meat powder, positive consequence) and ultimately the dog’s salivation was in accordance with the bell regardless of food presentation (Pavlov highlighted the stimulus-response phenomenon). In a logical progression, Watson applied the behavioral conditioning mechanism to humans when he conditioned the subject â€Å"little Albert† to fear white rats by associating them with a loud, unpleasant noise (negative consequence). In the 1930’s the famous psychologist B. F. Skinner made a significant discovery for modern behaviorism that led to the modern practice of organizational behavior modification. Using rats and pigeons in controlled environments, his studies found that the consequences of behavior were influential in determining, predicting and controlling that behavior. Skinner highlighted the important distinction between respondent conditioning (Pavlovian S-R connection) where the stimuli elicit the behavior and operant conditioning (the organism operates on the environment in order to obtain the desired consequence, or the R-S connection) where the behavior is a function of the consequence. Skinner’s operant conditioning with the focus on environmental consequences as behavioral determinants instead of antecedent stimuli led to the underlying core premise of modern behaviorism. Based on this scientific foundation, the study of behaviorism suggests that we can predict and modify behavior by strategically controlling (i. e. , managing) the consequences. This well-known practice of managing behavioral contingencies has become known as â€Å"behavior modification. † Modern behaviorism and behavior modification has been applied to organization studies and performance management in the workplace by Luthans and Kreitner (1985) as â€Å"organizational behavior modification,† or simply O. B. Mod (Luthans and Kreitner, 1985 for a full review) (also see Classical Management, Organizational Behavior). The O. B. Mod. approach to performance management involves five sequential steps: (1) identify critical performance-related behaviors; (2) measure the frequency of those identified behaviors; (3) analyze the antecedents and consequences associated with the behavior within the existing environment; (4) intervene by applying positive consequences/reinforcers contingent upon exhibiting the desired behavior; and (5) evaluate the results by measuring changes in the behavior and its impact on performance. In over 30 years of multiple research studies and applications of this O. B. Mod. approach, Luthans and colleagues ( Stajkovic Luthans, 1997, 2003), and other behavioral management scholars have been able to reach consistent, conclusive findings. First, three types of positive consequences/reinforcers result in an increase of desired work related behaviors and performance outcomes when administered contingently. These are: money, performance feedback, and social recognition (Luthans Stajkovic, 1999). A major finding for managing organizations is that in many cases feedback and/ or recognition, which typically involve no direct cost, often results in similar (and sometimes higher) performance outcomes than monetary reinforcers that are often outside a manager’s direct control. Luthans and colleagues offer guidelines for use of these reinforcers. For example, effective performance feedback must be positive (emphasizing what is right), immediately following the desired behavior, graphic, and specific. Effective social recognition must include personal one-on-one attention and appreciation from the manager communicating to the employee that the desired behavior has been noticed and admired by the manager versus a standard program where randomly selected employees are recognized regardless of demonstration of desired behaviors (which is what many of the formal recognition programs become over time). Positively reinforcing desired behaviors is significantly more effective in terms of performance impact over time than punishing undesired behaviors. It is important to note that punishment may be necessary when there is a need to immediately cease potentially harmful behavior. For example, in the case of a workplace safety violation (e. g. not wearing a helmet or eye protectors on a construction site), the behavioral management approach would not take time to measure the outcomes and wait for the desired safe behavior to occur in order to administer positive reinforcement. However, in general, the potential long term harm of punishment (e. g. stress, burnout, revenge, turnover, decrease in commitment) may be more than its potential benefits. It is important to point out that behavioral management works across various organizational types, industries, and cultures (Luthans Stajkovic, 1999). For example, the behavioral management technique has been successfully employed in a Russian factory, where it demonstrated stronger performance outcomes than the participative management technique (Welsh, Luthans, Sommer, 1993) and most recently with Korean information service providers. Critical Commentary and Future Directions The contributions of behaviorism in general, and more specifically the O. B. Mod. approach to behavioral management, have been very positive in organizational studies. Behaviorism provides understanding of how we learn, operate, and perform in all types of organizations. Organizations achieve their missions, visions, goals, and competitive advantage through the performance and behavior of people. A meta-analysis shows that the application of the O. B. Mod. model in the workplace across multiple industries, levels, and cultures increased performance on average 17 percent (Stajkovic Luthans, 1997). Despite the overwhelming support of how well behaviorism works in the organization, several limitations to the technique must be highlighted. First, individuals are unique and thus not all people respond the same way to reinforcers. Their desires are not only different, but they may also change over time. However, this is not a major problem when applying O. B. Mod. in the workplace because people in general desire money, feedback and recognition. However, they may vary in the level of intensity in their responses and which reinforcer has a relatively greater impact. Although behaviorism helps us to predict, modify, and change behavior over time, it does not attempt nor intend to understand how or why the phenomenon works. Behaviorism tends not to recognize the complexity of human cognitive processes. Another potential limitation is that in most cases multiple contingencies are salient in the context within which behavioral management attempts take place, resulting in complex interactions. These multiple contingencies can become competing contingencies as to which one the behavior links to and its subsequent effects. Behaviorism is not concerned with nor does it account for the social context within which contingent reinforcement (or punishment) takes place. In fact, modern behaviorism including O. B. Mod. treats antecedent factors as cues for the desired behavior. Still another limitation to the behaviorism approach is the requirement for action on behalf of the manager. In behaviorism, if the contingent reinforcement is removed and no longer exists, the desired behavior that was previously reinforced is likely to decrease in frequency and intensity, eventually fading away. This elimination of the controlling consequence is referred to as â€Å"extinction. This implies that managers who practice a behavioral management approach to increase the performance of their staff need to at minimum maintain an intermittent reinforcement schedule in order to avoid this going to extinction. In an attempt to combine the best of both worlds, and to present a more comprehensive and realistic view of human beh avior in organizations, many previously radical behaviorists have â€Å"mellowed out† (Luthans Kreitner, 1985) to adopt a social cognitive approach to understanding behavior (Bandura, 1986) (also see Social Cognition, Self-Efficacy, Cognitive Approach). The social cognitive approach asserts that behavior is the result of a continuous reciprocal three-way interaction between the person (cognition), the environment (physical context, including organizational structure and design; social context, i. e. , other people), and the individual’s past behavior. As opposed to behaviorism where behavior is a function of its contingent consequences, the social cognitive lens argues that behavior is also influenced by the processes of symbolizing, forethought, observation, self-regulation, and self-reflection (Bandura, 1986). Furthermore, from a social cognitive perspective, the role of contingent reinforcement in enhancing performance can be understood in terms of outcome utility, informative content, and regulatory mechanisms (Stajkovic Luthans, 2001). The future of behaviorism at least as it is applied to organization studies is likely to continue within the comprehensive theoretical framework of social cognition. Both organization scholars and practitioners realize the value of the objectivity and predictive validity behaviorism in general and O. B. Mod. in particular has on measurable performance impact. However, in today’s complex, ever-changing work environment, radical behaviorism is not comprehensive enough to stand alone. With the increasing emphasis on human resources as the primary source of long term competitive advantage, the confluence of behaviorism theory and cognitive theory through social cognitive theory may best accomplish the goals of understanding, prediction, and effective performance management. References Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Luthans, F. , Kreitner, R. 1985). Organizational Behavior Modification and Beyond. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman. Luthans, F. , Stajkovic, A. (1999). Reinforce (not necessarily pay) for performance. Academy of Management Executive, 13, 49-57. Luthans, F. , Youssef, C. , Luthans, B. (2005). Behaviorism. In Nicholson, N. , Audia, P. , Pillutla, M. (Eds. ). The Blackwell encyclopedia dictionary of organizational behavior. London: Blackwell. Stajkovic, A. , Luthans, F. (1997). A meta-analysis of the effects of organizational behavior modification on task performance, 1975-1995. Academy of Management Journal, 40, 1122-1149. Stajkovic, A. , Luthans, F. (2001). Differential effects of incentive motivators on work performance. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 580-590. Stajkovic, A. , Luthans, F. (2003). Behavioral management and task performance in organizations: Conceptual background, meta-analysis, and test of alternative models. Personnel Psychology, 56, 155-194. Welsh, D. H. B. , Luthans, F. , Sommer, S. M. (1993). Managing Russian factory workers: The impact of U. S. -based behavioral and participative techniques. Academy of Management Journal, 36, 58-79. How to cite Behavioural Approach, Essay examples

Rocky Mountains Or Rockies Essays (619 words) -

Rocky Mountains Or Rockies Rocky Mountains or Rockies, great chain of rugged mountain ranges in western North America, extending from central New Mexico to northeastern British Columbia, a distance of about 3220 km (about 2000 mi). The Rockies are bordered on the east by the Great Plains and on the west by the Great Basin and the Rocky Mountain Trench, a valley running from northwestern Montana to northern British Columbia. The Rocky Mountains form part of the Great, or Continental, Divide, which separates rivers draining into the Atlantic or Arctic oceans from those flowing toward the Pacific Ocean. The Arkansas, Colorado, Columbia, Missouri, R?o Grande, Saskatchewan, and Snake rivers rise in the Rockies. The Rockies may be divided into four principal sections?Southern, Central, Northern, and Canadian. The Southern Rockies, which include the system's broadest and highest regions, extend from central New Mexico, through Colorado, to the Great Divide, or Wyoming, Basin, in southern Wyoming. This section, which encompasses Rocky Mountain National Park, is composed chiefly of two northern-southern belts of mountain ranges with several basins, or parks, between the belts. The component parts include the Sangre de Cristo and Laramie mountains and the Front Range, in the east, and the San Juan Mountains and the Sawatch and Park ranges, in the west. The Southern Rockies include the chain's loftiest point, Mount Elbert (4399 m/14,433 ft high), in central Colorado. More than 50 other peaks of the Rockies rising above 4267 m (14,000 ft) are in Colorado; these include Longs Peak (4345 m/14,255 ft high) and Pikes Peak (4301 m/14,110 ft high). The Central Rockies are in northeastern Utah, western Wyoming, eastern Idaho, and southern Montana. They encompass the Bighorn, Beartooth, and Uinta mountains and the Absaroka, Wind River, Salt River, Teton, Snake River, and Wasatch ranges. The Uinta Mountains are the only major portion of the Rockies that extends east-west rather than north-south. Among the peaks of the Central Rockies, which include Grand Teton and Yellowstone national parks, are Gannett Peak (4207 m/13,804 ft high), Grand Teton (4197 m/13,771 ft high), and Fremont Peak (4185 m/13,730 ft high). The Northern Rockies are in northern Idaho, western Montana, and northeastern Washington. They include the Sawtooth, Cabinet, Salmon River, and Clearwater mountains and the Bitterroot Range. The loftiest points in the section, which includes Glacier National Park, are Granite Peak (3901 m/12,799 ft high) and Borah Peak (3859 m/12,662 ft high). The Canadian Rockies, located in southwestern Alberta and eastern British Columbia, are composed of a relatively narrow belt of mountain ranges that terminates at the Liard River lowland in northeastern British Columbia. The peaks of the section, which takes in Banff, Jasper, Kootenay, Waterton Lakes, and Yoho National Parks, include Mount Robson (3954 m/12,972 ft high), Mount Columbia (3747 m/12,294 ft high), and The Twins (3734 m/12,251 ft high). Slopes generally are very steep, and there are numerous glaciers. The Rocky Mountains are a geologically complex system with jagged peaks as well as almost flat-topped elevations. The Rockies were formed mainly by crustal uplifts in comparatively recent times, during the late Cretaceous and early Tertiary periods, and later were reshaped by glaciation during the Pleistocene Epoch. Today the Rockies receive moderate amounts of precipitation, most of which occurs in the winter. Lower levels are covered chiefly by grassland, which gives way to extensive forests, principally of conifers. Above the woodland is a zone of grasses and scattered shrubs. Most peaks have little vegetation around the summit, and some have a year-round cap of snow and ice. The Rockies are sparsely populated for the most part and contain few cities. The principal economic